Lacking reading fluency – reading is slow, inaccurate, and effortful

Reading comprehension challenges – learners struggle to understand what they read because of the heavy focus on decoding words

Poor spelling, even with common words; will often rely on phonetic spelling (e.g. hrbr)

Poor handwriting, letter reversals (especially tricky letters like b, d, p, q)

Difficulties with organizing their ideas/thoughts

Resistant to reading out loud in class